Refresh docker builder images

[btlogy]

We have a couple of opened tickets which requires new/updated docker images:

• #4131 needs an update of oraclelinux-8 to phase out python to 3.8 (EOL)
• #4137 needs a new fedora-41 images to phase out fedora-35 (EOL)

I think it also makes sense to prepare new images to start building/testing on:

• debian-12 before phasing out debian-11
• ubuntu-24.04 before phasing out ubuntu-20.04
• oraclelinus-9 before phasing out oraclelinux-8

I propose to PR the addition/update of those new images in the images workflow first, so we can phase the older ones in the ci workflow later.